APPROVAL SHEET
The complete report of Plant Physiology experiment with title “Potential of Osmotic“, was created by:
name : Yusmar Yusuf
reg. No. : 081404172
group : V (fifth)
class : Biology ICP
department : Biology Department
Makassar, 2010
Coordinator Assistant Assistant
Sulfianto Ilyas Nelsiani To’bungan
Reg. No. 061414025 Reg. No. 071404053
Lecturer
Drs. Ismail, MS
NIP : 196112311986031015
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Osmotic potential is the chemical potential caused by the solve material. Osmotic potential always has a negative value, this is caused because it tends to move across a semi-permeable membrane from pure water to water containing the solute. Large amount of water potential in plants affected by 4 kinds of potential components, namely gravity, matrix, and osmotic pressure. Gravitational potential depends on the water in the area of gravity. Matrix potential depends on the strength of the absorption of water binding. Osmotic potential depends on the hydrostatic pressure or angina in the water.
To set the PO, then the PT must be zero. Turgid potential equal to zero, occurs in cells experiencing plasmolysis state. Plasmolysis the event of taken protoplasm resulting from the cell walls of some of the water from the vacuole. circumstances in which the volume of vacuole just enough to hold the stick protoplasm in the cell wall, so that little water loss resulted in the loss of protoplasm from the cell wall called Plasmolysis insipien. insipien Plasmolysis recognizable when an external solution (eg sucrose) found a set of cells and 50% 50% plasmolyze it again plasmolyze not. The average state is called plasmolysis insipient. Insipient Plasmolysis on the circumstances, the cell is in a state with no pressure. PO external solution has the same value with the PO fluid cells; it is called isotonic to the cell fluid. by calculating the value of PO from the isotonic sucrose solution with a liquid cell, the cell fluid PO value can be known. the potential value of the cell fluid plant cells typically ranges from -10 to -20 bars. and the following experiment will observe the event plasmolysis of leaf epidermal cells Rhoeo discolor.
B. Purpose
To look the influence of osmotic from concentrate of essential nutrition to absorption water and plan grow.
C. Benefit
Student can explain about osmotic potential, and know factor will be the osmotic event.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to Ismail (2010), although the osmotic potential was not affected by pressure, but from the van't Hoff formula as listed above, note that the PO value is influenced by a number of other factors, namely:
a. Concentration: PO value will decrease due to the increased concentration of the solution.
b. Ionizes: osmotic potential of a solution is not determined by the kind of matter, but is determined by the number of particles contained in the solution. The particles may be ions, molecules and particles solid (micelle).
Example: 1. 1m NaCl solution (molal) the degree of dissociation of 100% (complete dissociation). 2. BaCl2 1m solution of 80% degree of dissociation (dissociation is not perfect), then the number of particles = 2.6
BaCl2 Ba + 2cl-(0.8 + 0.2 + 2x0, 8 = 2.6)à
BaCl2 Ba + 2cl-(0.8 + 0.2 + 2x0, 8 = 2.6)à
c. Hydration of solute molecules: association water with solute particles, usually referred to as hydration water. Impact of hydration water is more concentrated solution than expected because not all water molecules serve as solvents. Thus its impact on the concentration of the solution.
Example: 1 mole of sucrose in solution can bind 6 mol of water. Thus from 1000 grams of water (1 liter), only 892 grams serve as a solvent. d. Temperature: osmotic potential of a solution will decrease in value with increasing temperature.
At the point of balance, the absolute value of negative osmotic potential equivalent to the real pressure position at the perfect osmometer, the osmotic potential solution can be measured directly. Vapor pressure method described previously for measure water potential can also be applied to measure osmotic potential-free liquids. Freezing point and vapor pressure is a function of mole fraction and also a function of osmotic potential. The nature of the solution mole fraction is determined by the nature of koligatif. properties include the freezing point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and osmotic potential (Salisbury, 1995)
Driving force for the movement of water is the water potential difference between one places to another place, where the water is always moving from the high water potential to low water potential. For the case of vertical movement of water in the plant body, it must be seen that the water moves from dalm ground, through the plant body, toward the atmosphere. Water potential should be higher than the water potential of air around the plant (Fitter, 1991)
The role of proton pump in the process of transport of plant cells is a specific application of the general mechanism called chemiosis. Chemiosis main characteristic is the presence of a proton gradient or the difference that connects transmembrane energy release process with the process requires energy in the cell. to compare the water potential of pure water in a container that is open to the atmosphere is defined as zero megapascal. Addition of solute lowers the water potential (Campbell, 2004)
Plant cells have different physiological characteristics with animal cells, especially in the presence of cell walls in plant cells. Cell wall is generally classified into the primary cell walls and secondary cell wall. The difference between these two types of walls lies in the flexibility, thickness, microfibril structure and growth (Istanti, 1999). All activities are dependent plant cells by the existence of this cell wall. Besides cell wall serves to protect the contents of the cell also serves as a way out the entry of water, the food and mineral salt into the cell. Plant cell is the smallest part of the system life and in this system cells are interdependent. Behavior of cells not only influenced by the cell itself but also in the cells around it and plant itself and the outside environment. A variety of substances, such as food, minerals, water and gas move from cell to cell in the form of the molecule or particle (Fitter, 1991).
Environments of a cell includes cells surrounding and external environment that includes water, soil and air to grow and live where these plants. The cells that intersect directly with the outside environment among other cells in the root, stem and leaves are then extended to the plant through all body spaces within the cell. Molecules or particles of water, gas and minerals into plant cells through a process of diffusion and osmosis. Through these processes of plants can obtain the substances required for growth. Diffusion processes which took place from the region have the high particle concentration to areas low particle concentration. The diffusion has a major role in plant cells that live. (Tjitrosomo 1983).
Plant cells may be susceptible to loss of water, when water potential outside the cell is lower than the water potential in the cell. If the cell loses water large enough, then there is the possibility of the volume will decrease the contents of the cell so they could not fill the whole room set up by the cell wall. That is, the membrane and cytoplasm are released from the cell wall, this event is called Plasmolysis. Cells that had terplasmolisis be disehatkan again put it in pure water (Tjotrosomo, 1983).
Affect leaf water potential transpiration mainly through its impact on open stomata, but also affect the levels of water vapor in the air space of leaves. Little water potential reduction will not affect transpiration significantly, especially when the air moisture levels high (Goldworty, 1992).
Osmotic potential shows the status of a solution and describe the proportion ratio of the solute with the solvent. The more concentrated a solution will lower the potential osmosisnya. Osmotic potential of a cell can be measured by various methods. The method used is by using a series solution and PO concentration was known, for example with sucrose solution. This method is based on the existence Plasmolysis events, namely by determining a solution would only cause the condition of "incipient Plasmolysis" (Campbell, 2004).
Vacuole volume conditions can be to hold protoplasm to remain attached to the cell wall and lose a little water will result in loss of protoplasm from the cell wall. Plasmolysis event is called Plasmolysis insipien. Insipien Plasmolysis occurs in half the amount of tissue experiencing Plasmolysis cell. This happens because the pressure inside the cell = 0. solution osmotic potential causes Plasmolysis insipien equivalent osmotic potential in cells with a solution after equilibrium is reached (Salisbury, 1995).
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHOD
A. Place and Time
Day/ date : Wednesday/ 24-31th March 2010
Time : 01.00 pm until 04.00 pm
Place : the 2nd floor of Biology laboratory, Mathematics and Science Faculty, State University of Makassar
B. Tools and Materials
1. Tools
1. Tools
a. Microscope
b. Object glass
c. Deck glass
d. 4 pairs of petri dish
e. Razor blade
f. Tweezer
g. Stopwatch
2. Materials
a. Leaf of Rhoeo discolor
b. Aquades
c. Sucrose solution with concentration 0,14 M; 0,16 M; 0,18 M; 0,20 M; 0,22 M; 0,24 M; 0,26 M
A. Work Procedure
1. Prepared all tool and material that will use.
2. Contained all petri dish with each solution with differ concentration and also aquades.
3. Sliced the leaf of Rhoeo discolor but just in the under surface, Sliced that enough in order the cell of leaf not dry and sliced thiner.
4. Inundated the leaf in each concentrate solution during 30 minutes.
5. Observed the cell used microscope, counted the number of plasmolized cell and not plasmolized cell.
6. wrote the data of result observation.
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
No | Solution Concentration (M) | Plasmolized Cell | Not Plasmolized cell | Total of Cell | % Plasmolized Cell |
1 | 0,14 | 23 | 7 | 30 | 76,67 |
2 | 0,16 | 19 | 11 | 30 | 63,33 |
3 | 0,18 | 7 | 23 | 30 | 23,33 |
4 | 0,20 | 6 | 24 | 30 | 20 |
5 | 0,22 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 40 |
6 | 0,24 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 46,67 |
7 | 0,26 | 19 | 11 | 30 | 63,33 |
8 | Aquades | 20 | 10 | 30 | 66,67 |
Analyze of Data
Persentage of cell plasmolysis
a. 0,14 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100%
x 100% = 76,67 %
b. 0,16 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100%
x 100% = 63,33 %
c. 0,18 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100%
x 100% = 23,33 %
d. 0,20 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100 %
x 100 % = 40 %
e. 0,22 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100 %
x 100 % = 40 %
f. 0,24 M
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100 %
x 100 % = 46,67 %
g. 0,26 M
% plasmolized cell = 
X 100 %
X 100 % = 63,33 %
h. Aquades
% plasmolized cell = 
x 100 %
x 100 % = 66,67 %
Potential of Osmotic
a. 0,14 M
= - 0,14 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 3,486 bar.
b. 0,16 M
= 0,16 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 3,984 bar.
c. 0,18 M
= - 0,18 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 4,482 bar.
d. 0,20 M
= - 0,20 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 4,980 bar.
e. 0,22 M
= - 0,22 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 5,478 bar.
f. 0,24 M
= - 0,24 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 5,976 bar.
g. 0,26 M
= - 0,26 M x 1 x 0,083 bar/0 mol x 3000 K
= 6,474 bar.
Graphic of percentage of cell plasmolysis
Graphic of potential osmotic
Graphic of plasmolysis and not plasmolysis
B. Discussion
This lab measurements of water potential on leaf tissue Rhoeo discolor. Determination of water potential on leaf tissue is done by Rhoeo discolor Shardakov method. This method is done by making Rhoeo discolor leaf discs with a cork rig. A total of 25 leaf discs Rheo discolor fed into the reaction tube 6 which already contain sucrose with different concentrations, the mixture was aged for 60 minutes and every 15 minutes and shaken to mix the solution remains homogeneous, and then leaves the Rhoeo discolor waste and water in take to concentration with the same solution concentration has been added to the blue metilen. By soaking the leaves had a good flow of water from the leaf or into leaves, while the addition of blue metilen intended only as a marker during testing.
From the graph it can be seen above the isotonic solution with a solution of the network is between 0.0 M and 0.2 M is due to the concentration difference is the difference in weight that flanked 0 grams.
In addition, graph also illustrates the greater concentration of the solution used to soak the potatoes, the difference in initial weight and final weight will be even greater in this initial heavy weight larger than the final weight. This proves the flow of water molecules moving from the potatoes into the environment tissue indicating that the solution is more marinade than hipertonis plant tissue. Isotonic solution should be known by the group of potato weight unchanged after treatment. It suggests that there is no flow of water from both inside and outside of the potato, but in reality there is no treatment that did not experience weight changes, so to determine the concentration of the solution is isotonic with tissue concentrations can be done by making the following directions graphic
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on observations and data analysis class, osmotic potential value generally lies in the concentration of 0.15 M -4 atm. Insipient Plasmolysis is a situation where half the cells of the total number of cells showing signs Plasmolysis. Plasmolysis insipien (IP) occurred at concentrations of 0.15 M. Plant cell being entered in the sucrose solution would have Plasmolysis, and the higher the concentration of the solution, the more cells that have Plasmolysis.
B. Suggestion
1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do observation well.
2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.
3. Practicans must do observation well.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Campbell,Neil A, Reece, and Mitchell. 2004. Biologi. Jakarta. Erlangga
Fitter, A.H. dan R.K.M. Hay, 1991. Fisiologi Lingkungan Tanaman. Universitas Gadjah Mada Press. Yogyakarta.
Goldworthy, R. dan N.M. Fisher, 1992. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidya Tropik. Universitas Gadjah Mada Press. Yogyakarta.
Ismail and Abd. Muis. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar:
Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Ismail. 2008. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Salisbury, Frank B. et al. 1995. Plant Physiology 2nd Edition. Mc Graw Hill Company. New York.
Tjitrosomo.1987. Botani Umum 2. Penerbit Angkasa, Bandung.
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